【English/日本語】Read an English book📖英語の本を読もう📚Sapiens―chapter#15 Empire

🇺🇸English✕ 上級日本語🇯🇵

英語でSapiens を読もう📖#15

ここは英語学習者と日本語学習者のみなさんのためのページです

For English learners!

Hello everyone, how’s your English learning journey going?😃 Reading an English book is sometimes a long journey. You might inadvertently stop if you are alone. But no worries. You are at the right place already. I would like to explore an English book here so that you can try reading the book with me. We are not alone. Let’s enjoy a fun time reading!

The book, which I picked up this time, is called Sapiens, published by Yuval Noah Harari. The Amazon Kindle link below allows you to read up to chapter 3. Today, I am covering chapter 15.

You can check out my recommending strategy of reading as well as a bit of information about this book with a link below. Okay then, let’s get started📖

日本語学習者のみなさん!

みなさん、こんにちは。あずみです。日本語の勉強はどうですか?やさしい日本語で読むのに飽きてきたあなたに、もうワンランク上のリーディングをお届けしたい、ここはそんなブログです。英語部分で私が書いていることを、日本語で書くならこんな感じというのがテーマです。ぜひ、カジュアルな日本語のライティング表現を体験しながら、同時に興味深い本の内容も楽しんでボキャブラリーの幅を広げてくださいね。😃

英語の勉強、はかどってますか?英語の本を読むのって長い旅路ですよね。うっかり止まって挫折してしまうのはとても簡単です。でもこのブログを読んでいるあなたはだいじょうぶ。そんなあなたを応援するのがこのブログです。このブログで私は本を取り上げ、掘り下げていきたいと思いますので、よかったら私といっしょにこの本にチャレンジしてみてください。

今回読む本は、ユヴァル・ノア・ハラリさんの「サピエンス全史」です。本の内容はアマゾンキンドルのリンクから試し読みで確認してみてください。

また、こちらのリンクから英語の本のオススメの読み方について取り上げています📖ぜひ確認してみてくださいね。さぁ、15章を読みましょう。

Ch.15 The Marriage of Science and Empire

🦧第15章 科学と帝国の融合

Grasp the structure!🦧構成を把握する

To grasp the chapter, you just try to see its hierarchical configuration. I strongly recommend drawing it either physically or virtually.

階層構造を追い、内容を把握します。実際にメモを取りながらするとはかどります。

the planet Venus transit
  • in the middle of the eighteenth century
  • astronomers mathmaticians
  • tried to calculate the distance
  • how far is the sun from the earth?
    • several observations of the transit of the planet Venus between the sun and the earth
    • simple trigonometry
The Cook expedition
  • Setting
    • organized by the Royal Society of London
    • a experienced seman, geographer, and a naval officer
    • dispatched to Tahiti
    • acompanied by a team of scientists, including an eminent astronomer, Charles Green, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander
    • seconded 85 well-armed sailors and marines
    • equipped ship with artillery, muskets, gunpowder
  • Result
    • Cook’s nautical diet saved sailors from scurvy
      • Cook proved James Lind’s discovery of an effective treatment for scurvy
      • enabled British to send armies to the other side of the world, including Australia
    • far less benign result
      • collecting political and military valued data
      • laid the foundation for the British occupation of the south-western Pacific Ocean
The conquest
  • Pacific Ocean
    • Australia
    • Tasmania
    • New Zealand
  • European’s settlement
    • the settlement in the new colonies
    • the extermination; the native population dropped by up to 90%
    • the subjugation to a harsh regima of racial oppression
The fate of native Tasmanians
  • survived for 10,000 years in splendid isolation
  • completely wiped out within a century of Cook’s arrival
  • few survivors were hounded into an evangelical concentration camp, indoctrinated by well-meaning missionaries
  • chosed the only escape route from the modern world of science and progress; death
  • their body were seized, analized, kept in museum until 1976, their hair were taken until 2002.

Science and empires are hardly inseparable; a scientific expedition means a military expedition.

 🚧工事中 🚧

One of history’s more bizarre occurrences
  • People from a large island in the northern Atlantic conquered a large island of south of Australia.
  • They had little of importance; northern Europe was so desolate and barbarous that it wasn’t even worth conquering.
  • Europe became a hothouse of important military, political, economic, and cultural development at the end of the 15th century.
Between 1500 and 1750
  • Western Europe gained momentum.
  • They became master of the ‘Outer World’= two continents and ocians.
  • Europe was no match for the great powers of Asia, but they they showed little interest in ‘Outer World.’
  • Asia accounted for 80% of world economy in 1775.
Between 1750 and 1850
  • The global center of power shifted to Europe from Asia.
  • Europeans himiliated the Asian powers in a series of wars.
  • Western Europe and the United States accounted for more than half of global production in 1950.
  • A new global order and global culture emerged.
    • views of politics, medicine, war, and economics
    • music, literature, language
How did they make it?
  • The success of scientific research in the hope of harvesting technological innovations.
    • logistical advance; railroads, steamship
    • machine guns
    • a new arsenal of medicines
How was Railroad treated?
  • Europe
    • in 1830, opened the first commercial railroad in Britain.
    • by 1850, crossed almost 40,000km.
    • European countries shared the most important British myths and social structures.
  • Asia
    • in 1876, Europeans opened the first railroad in China, and the government destroyed it the following year.
    • in 1888, A Belgian company opened the first railroad in Persia, and total railway network amounted to 2500km in 1950.
    • they lacked the values, myths, judical apparatus, and sociopolitical structures.
Answer
  • modern science and capitalism
  • they started to think and behave in a scientific and capitalist way before it blossomed

 🚧工事中 🚧

Modern science began as…
  • European speciality
    • Newtonian physics
    • Darwinian biology
    • Adam Smith
    • Karl Marx
  • Others’ contributions
    • Chinese
    • Indians
    • Muslims; the economical insights
    • Native Americans; treatments
    • Polynesians; medical texts and data
European imperialism
  • Characteristics
    • admittence of ignorance
    • conquest territory = conquest knowledge
  • Achievers
    • Vasco da Gama: the coasts of Africa
    • Christopher Columbus: America
    • Ferdinand Magellan: a way around the world
Scientists and military expedition
  • Napoleon’s Egypt invation
    • took 165 scholars and founded Egyptology
  • HMS Beagle expedition
    • let Charles Darwin made the theory of evolution
Astronauts and a Native American
  • before Americans landed on the surface of the moon
  • during astronauts training, they encountered an old Native American
  • he passed the message to holy spirits live on the moon
  • ‘Don’t believe a single word these people are telling you. They have come to steal your lands.’

 🚧工事中 🚧

Maps tell the mentality
  • Afro-Asia, American’s maps
    • unfamiliar areas were simply left out
    • unfamiliar areas were filled with imaginary monsters and wonders
    • a European world map (1459)
  • 15th, 16th maps in Europe
    • maps with lots of empty spaces
    • indication1: the development of the scientific mindset
    • indication2: the European imperial drive
A medieval man: Columbus
  • in 1492, a medieval man who was convinced he knew the world
  • he believed in the old ‘complete’ world map
  • he thought he landed in the Indies for the rest of his life
  • inconceivable to believe that he discovered an unknown continent: for thousands of years, they had only known Europe, Africa, and Asia.
The first modern man: Vespucci
  • Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian sailor
  • took part in several expeditions to America between 1499-1504
  • argued the lands discovered by Columbus were not off the East Asian coast, but an entire unknown continent.
  • a mapmaker erroneously believed Vespucci was the person who discovered it and named the continent as America
The foundational event
  • the discovery of America taught Europeans to favor present observations over past traditions
  • the desire of conquering America obliged them to search for new knowledge at breakneck speed
    • geography
    • climate
    • flora
    • fauna
    • languages
    • cultures
    • history
  • began to draw maps with spaces left to fill in
  • The Salviati World map(1525)
  • the blank spots on the map drew the Europeans
  • created a network of bases and colonies;
    • the first global empires and trade network
    • a single integrated human society
What was Sapiens busy at?
  • most human societies were busy with local conflicts
  • they never considered exploring and conquering distant lands
  • most great empires extended their control only over their immediate neighborhood
  • it took 400 years to get from Rome to London; no one conceived of sailing directly to Britain and conquering it
Zheng He’s expedition
  • 300 ships, 30,000 people
  • Zheng He’s slagship next to that of Columbus
  • they did not try to conquer or colonize
  • not deeply rooted in Chinese politics and culture; when the ruling faction changed, the new overlords terminated the operation
  • most Chinese rulers restricted interests and ambitions to the Middle Kingdom’s immediate environs
  • it proved that Europe did not enjoy an outstanding technological edge
What’s wrong with Europeans
  • unparalleled and insatiable ambition
  • caught a fever that drove them to sail to unknown lands and conquer

 🚧工事中 🚧

Spaniards Caribbean invasion
  • around 1517, in the Caribbean islands
  • sabjugated natives, ruled with an iron fist
  • enslaved in mines, plantations
  • the entire native population was wiped out within 20 years
  • importing African slaves to fill the vacuum
Aliens
  • The coming of the Spaniards was the equivalent of an alien invasion from outer space
  • completely unknown people; the Aztecs were convinced they know the entire world, but it was not true and they didn’t know how to react
  • Aliens had white skins
  • Aliens stank unbearably, natives bearing incense burners accompanied them
  • Aliens’ bewildering material culture; giant ships, riding on horses, producing lightning and thunder, long swords and impenetrable armour
  • They must be gods? demons? powerful sorcerers?
  • the Aztecs deliberated, dawdled, and negotiated, instead of wiping them out; no reason to rush, only 550 Spaniards
  • The Aztec and Inca empires at the time of Spanish conquest
Aztec’s fate
  • Hernán Cortés, a greedy adventurer, in 1519, anchored off
  • told a shameless lie; he was a peaceful emissary
  • requested to see the emperor
  • hostaged the emperor and pretended to be his guest for several months
  • the Aztec’s polity was extremely centralized and was palalysed by the unprecedented situation
  • trained translators and dispatched small expeditions in all directions
  • when the Aztec elite revolded the Aztec yoke, Cortés convinced many of the empire’s subject people to join him; it never occurred to them that Spanish would take over
  • the rebellious people provided Cortés with an army of tens of thousands of local troops
  • Cortés conquered the city
  • within a century of their arrival, the local population had shrunk by 90% due to unfamiliar diseases
  • it was a greedy and racist regime that was far worse than that of the Aztecs
Inca’s fate
  • Pizarro with 168 men arrived on the shore of the Inca Empire
  • he benefited from all the knowledge and experiences gained in previous invasions, while the Inca knew nothing about the fate of the Aztecs
  • he plagiarised Cortés, kidnapped the Inca ruler, and conquered the paralysed empire with the help of local allies
non-Europeans’ moves
  • the Ottoman, the Safavid, the Mughal, and the Chinese
    • heard the news quickly but displayed little interest
    • believed the world revolved around Asia
    • they had resources as Zheng He’s ships reached East Africa in the 1420s, but they did not have interests
  • puny European kingdoms, such as Scotland and denmark
    • sent a few expeditions to America
  • the Islamic world, India, and China
    • no expedition was ever sent to America
  • Japan
    • in 1942, conquered two islands off the Alaskan coast, capturing US soldiers
    • never got any closer to the mainland
  • Asia’s fate
    • when the Europeans accumulated enough wealth and resources, they invaded Asia
    • adopted a global vision only in the 20th century
  • Argerian
    • defeated a French army, by being supported by a global anti-colonial network
    • worked out how to harness the world’s media and public opinions in France
    • superpowers could be defeated if a local struggle became a global cause

 🚧工事中 🚧

premodern empire and modern enpire
  • When Muslim concuered India
    • no scientists brought along
  • When British conquered India
    • archaeologists, anthropologists, geologists, zoologists brought along
The Great Survey of India
  • launched in 1802 and lasted 60 years
  • mapped the whole of India
  • made borders and measured distance
  • calculated the height of Mount Everest
  • explored the military resources of Indian provinces
  • located gold mines
  • collected information about rare Indian rare spiders
  • cataloged colorful butterflies
  • traced the ancient origins of extinct Indian languages
  • dug up forgotten ruins
Mohenjo-Daro
  • Example 1 of British scientific curiosity
  • one of the chief cities of the Indus Valley civilization
  • flourished in 3000 B.C. and destroyed around 1900 B.C.
  • none of India’s pre-British rulers had given the ruins a second glance.
  • a British team discovered the first great civilization of India, which no Indian had been aware of.
Cuneiform script
  • Example 2 of British scientific curiosity
  • deciphering of cuneiform script, used throughout the Middle East for close to 3000 years
  • cuneiform inscriptions appeared in many objects, but no one could read
  • Spanish ambassador in Persia saw inscriptions in 1618, but no one succeeded in deciphering them for two centuries
  • Henry Rawlinson, a British officer served to train army
  • Rawlinson saw the huge Behistun Inscription in 1830s and became convinced that if he could decipher the writing, it opened a door into an ancient and forgotten world
  • Rawlinson defied death and scaled the steep cliff to copy the strange letters, and completed the project of sending it to Europe in 1847
  • Whenever Rawlinson had a spare moment, he puzzled over the secret script and finally managed to decipher the Old Persian part, then unlocked the secrets of the Elamite and Babylonian sections too
  • without the efforts of modern European imperialists, the fate of the ancient Middle Eastern empires might had not been known.
Comparative linguistics
  • Example 3 of British scientific curiosity
  • William Jones: a notable imperialist scholar and served as a judge
  • arrived in India in 1783, captivated by the wonders of India, founded the Asiatic Society, and devoted to studying the cultures, histories, and societies
  • pioneered the science of comparative linguistics: identified the Indo-European family of languages
  • linguistics received enthusiastic imperial support
    • the European empires believed that they must know the languages and cultures of their subjects in order to govern effectively
    • linguistics provided invaluable help understanding the structure and grammar of local languages
      • mathematics
      • economics
      • geography
      • culture
What science gave empires?
  • 1. practical advantages
    • superior knowledge had practical advantages
    • small number of Britons enabled to govern, oppress, and exploit 300 million Indians for two centuries
  • 2. ideological justification
    • a constant stream of new knowledge branded them as progressive and positive enterprises
    • new knowledge enabled the conquered populations to enjoy the benefits of ‘progress’
      • medicine
      • education
      • railroads and canals
      • justice and prosperity
    • ❓vast enterprises of oppression and exploitation
    • ❓altruistic projects: ‘the White Man’s burden’
      • in Bengal, 10 million died for the Great Bengal Famine
    • ❓they cannot simply labelled as good or evil because they created the ideologies we use to judge them
Sinister ends
  • provided scientific proof that Europeans are superior to all other races
  • the primordial language of Indo-European languages began using by Aryans, who founded the magnificent Indian, Persian, Greek, and Roman civilizations
  • scholars wedded the linguistic theory to Darwin’s theory and posited that Aryans were not just a linguistic group but a biological entity: a master race of tall, light-haired, blue-eyed, hard-working, and super-rational humans
  • Europeans had managed to conquer the world since they took precautions not to mix with inferior races: racial purity
  • they haven’t noticed that the battlefront has shifted from racism in imperial ideology to ‘culturism’
    • ✖biological difference between races: it’s in their blood
    • ⭕historical differences between cultures: it’s in their culture
Culturism
  • the battlefront has shifted from racism in imperial ideology to ‘culturism’
    • ✖biological difference between races: it’s in their blood
    • ⭕historical differences between cultures: it’s in their
  • Western culture
    • democratic values
    • tolerance
    • gender equality
  • Muslim culture
    • hierarchical politics
    • fanaticism
    • misogyny
  • culturist argument
    • fed by scientific studies in the humanities and social science
Scientific growth and imperial growth
  • Scientists provide to the imperial project with…
    • practical knowledge
    • ideological justification
    • technological gadgets
  • Without imperial support, modern science would have not progressed that far

 🚧工事中 🚧

Summarize the chapter concisely🦧章を一言でまとめる

To summarize, check the hierarchical configuration and make sentences with important points of each.

階層構造の各部分のポイントを確認して、文にしてまとめます。

Science and empires are hardly separable. Europeans began to think and behave in a scientific and capitalist way. It harnessed them far better than others and it blossomed. Conquest of territory means the conquest of knowledge. They became ever more tightly intertwined. Both modern science and modern empires were motivated by the restless feeling that something important awaited beyond the horizon. The Europeans had the unparalleled and insatiable ambition to sail to unknown lands and conquer. Empty maps can tell how the scientific mindset spread and fueled them to explore and conquer. And, the global vision emerged. The European arrival into America was like an alien invasion. The native Americans never imagined ending up being taken over and their population had shrunk by 90%. The Europeans had a global vision while others didn’t. Modern science and modern empires also shared the practices of empire-builders. Building an empire was a scientific project while setting up a scientific discipline was an imperial project.

科学と帝国は切っても切り離せない関係です。ヨーロッパ人は科学的かつ資本主義的な方法で考え、行動をするようになりました。この考え方はヨーロッパ人に非ヨーロッパ圏の人々が及ばないほどの繁栄をもたらしました。領土を征服するということは知識を征服できることを意味します。領土を征服し、そこから知識を得るという考え方はそれまで以上に緊密に絡み合っていきました。現代科学と現代の帝国の双方は共に、まだ知らない重要な何かが地平線の先に待っているのだという落ち着きのない感覚によって動機づけられました。ヨーロッパ人は比類ない飽くなき野心で、未知の土地へと航海をし、征服を始めました。「空白がある地図」からは科学的な考え方がどのように広がり、探求と征服がどのように彼らを刺激したかが見て取れます。そして、それはグローバルビジョンの誕生に繋がりました。ヨーロッパ人のアメリカへの到着は、エイリアンの侵略のようなものでした。原住民は、まさか自分の国が最終的に乗っ取られようなどとは思いもしていませんでしたが、結果として原住民の人口は90%減少することになりました。ヨーロッパ人がグローバルビジョンを持っていたのに対して、非ヨーロッパ人達はそうではありませんでした。現代科学と現代の帝国には、何かを作り上げるという慣習の共有でもありました。帝国を築くことは科学的プロジェクトであり、科学的規律を確立することは帝国的プロジェクトだったのです。

Make questions to discuss🦧ディスカッション用の質問を作ろう

To discuss, make questions. It gives you a great topic to talk about in English.

本について話し合うための質問を作ります。作った質問は英語で話をするときのいい話題になりますよ。

Interpretive question 解釈についての質問

What does it mean? How are the parts connected? what is the reason for people’s actions?

There is more than one possible answer, but the viewer’s opinion is based directly on the text.

ここはどういう意味でしょう?これらの箇所はどう繋がっていますか?この行動にはどんな意味がありますか?

答えは2つ以上考えられますが、質問の答えは本文に直接基づいている必要があります。

My opinion: The global vision is the mindset to see this globe as one connected world that Sapiens co-live beyond where they locate. If Aztecs had had the global vision, they would have paid attention to what had happened to their neighbors, the Carribian islands, and had been wary toward Spaniards as well as manipulated public opinion in Spain, and might have been able to avoid being conquered.

私の意見:グローバルビジョンは、この地球全体を共存する一つの繋がっている世界と見なす考え方です。もしアステカ人がグローバルビジョンを持っていたなら、隣人であるカリブ海の島々に何が起こったかに注意を払い、スペイン人に警戒し、スペイン本土の世論を操作し、征服されるのを避けることができたかもしれません。

five questions for discussion🦧ディスカッション用の5つの質問

How does this make me feel? What does it remind me of?

There are many correct answers that are related to one’s experience; they can be found outside of the text/speech.

Examples
  • Have you ever…?
  • Does it make you angry when…?
  • Which part did you like?
  • How hard was this to understand?

この箇所はどんな風に感じますか?何を思い出させますか?

個人の経験に関連するたくさんの答えが本文の外で見つけられることが考えられます。

  • こんな経験ありますか
  • こんなとき、怒った気持ちになりますか
  • どのパートが気に入りましたか
  • これを理解するのは難しかったですか

What does it say?

One correct answer is found in the text.

Examples
  • Who is …?
  • What happens first?
  • Where are …?
  • What is the difinition of this word?

なんと言っていましたか。

答えは一つです。テキスト内でみつけることができます。

  • これは誰?
  • 何が最初に起きた?
  • これはどこですか?
  • この言葉の定義はなんですか?

What does it mean? How are the parts connected? what is the reason for people’s actions?

There is more than one possible answer, but the viewer’s opinion is based directly on the text.

Examples
  • Why did the speaker…?
  • What can we say about the speaker’s point of view?
  • What is the significance of the title?
  • What did the speaker mean when they said…?

ここはどういう意味でしょう?これらの箇所はどう繋がっていますか?この行動にはどんな意味がありますか?

答えは2つ以上考えられますが、質問の答えは本文に直接基づいている必要があります。

  • どうして話者は...?
  • 話者の視点について、どんなことが言えますか。
  • タイトルにはどんな意味があるでしょう。
  • 話者が...といったのはどういう意味でしょう。

What is the message beyond this presentation? What are the greater issues or questions this piece deals with?

The presentation is not directly referenced in the question. There are many possible answers found outside of the presentation, but it’s a starting point.

Examples
  • How do people…?
  • Why do people…?
  • What is the truth about…?

このトピックが伝える、もっと大きなメッセージはなんでしょう?このトピックの先にどんな大きな問題が見えますか?

この質問は、このトピックと直接リンクする必要はありません。この話の外側にたくさんの答えがあるでしょう。でも、このトピックがいいスタートポイントになります。

  • 人々はどうやって...?
  • どうして人々は...?
  • ...の真実は何でしょう?

How effective is the presentation in whole or in part? Why did the speaker/author make these choices and how well do they work?

Many possible answers can be found outside of the presentation but it’s a reference.

Examples
  • Is it realistic when …?
  • How does the speaker use … to show …?
  • Would this be better if …?
  • Is the speaker biased towards/against…?

この箇所は全体の中で/この部分においてどう効果的な役割を果たしていますか?どうして話者はこのような表現をしましたか、またそれはどのように機能していますか?

たくさんの答えが本文の議論の外でひとつの例としてみちびかれる可能性があります。

  • この箇所は現実味がありますか。
  • 話者がこの...をどのように表現しましたか。
  • もし...であればもっとよかったですか。
  • 話者は...の考え方に偏っていますか。

Expressions and terms🦧覚えておきたい単語・表現

Pick some terms that you are unfamiliar with from sentences you high-lightened and memorize them because you need them to discuss this chapter!!

読みながらハイライトした特に重要だと思う文の中から、使い慣れていない言葉を選んで覚えましょう。なぜかというと、ディスカッションで意見や考えを言うために必要になるからです。

termexample sentence
benignThe Cook expedition had another, far less benign result.
inconceivableThe idea that he had discovered a completely unknown continent was inconceivable for him and for many of his generation.
hegemonyThis was one of the crucial factors that led to the collapse of European hegemony.
contemplateIt is interesting to contemplate what might have happened had Montezuma been able to manipulate public opinion in Spain.
単語例文
がいクック遠征は別の、はるかに無害とは程遠い結果をもたらした。
おもいもよらない完全に未知の大陸を発見したという考えは、コロンブスにとっても彼の世代の多くの人々にとっても思いもよらなかった。
けんこれは、ヨーロッパの覇権の崩壊につながった重要な要因の1つだった。
さく
ふけ
モンテスマがスペインの世論を操作できたとしたら何が起こったのかと思索に耽るのは興味深いことだ。

In this chapter, the author describes that how scientific and capitalistic way of thinking and behavior led Europeans to the conquest of land and knowledge. I am curious how Europeans got into this mindset and how their monotheism religious background affected it or not.

By the way, what did you think about the episode about astronauts and an old Native American? As a language learner, that story was just weird and hardly inconceivable, therefore, I googled it. As it turns out, it was just a made-up story. If so, what was the author’s intent?

Also, what did you think of the shift from racism in imperial ideology to culturism? It is fed by humanities and social science. From where we stand, it is so natural, but it is really interesting to know how far Sapiens took to come here today.

この章で著者は、如何にして科学的および資本主義的な考え方と行動がヨーロッパ人を土地と知識の征服に導いてきたかを説明しています。私はヨーロッパ人がどのようにこの考え方を取り入れた背景に、ヨーロッパで当時から盛んであった一神教の宗教的背景がどのように影響を与えたのかに非常に興味が湧きました。

ところで、宇宙飛行士とネイティブアメリカンのエピソードについてどう思いましたか?言語学習者として、その話は奇妙過ぎて全く信じられなかったので、グーグル検索しました。結局のところ、やはりただの作り話でした。もしそうなら、作者がこのエピソードを盛り込んだ意図はどこにあるのでしょうか?

また、帝国イデオロギーに根付く人種差別主義から文化主義への移行についてどう思いましたか?文化主義は人文科学と社会科学の研究によって支えられていますね。今日の社会からみると、この考え方はとても自然なことのように思えますが、サピエンスが今日ここに来るまでの歩みを考えると非常に興味深く感じます。

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